Measuring the concentrations of drinking water disinfection by-products using capillary membrane sampling-flow injection analysis

A capillary membrane sampling-flow injection analysis method is presented for selectively measuring the concentrations of total trihalomethanes (THMs) and total haloacetic acids (HAAs) in drinking water. The method is based on the reaction between nicotinamide and THM or HAA species to yield a fluorescent product. Two configurations are presented, one selective for total THMs and another selective for total HAAs. The construction of a capillary membrane sampler is described, and the results of method detection limit, accuracy and precision studies are reported for each method. Interference, selectivity and linearity studies are reported as well as the effect of temperature and ionic strength changes. Drinking water samples were analyzed by each proposed method and the results were compared to USEPA methods 502.2 and 552.3.     

The Feasibility Of Ozone For Purification of Hatchery Waters

Ozone is feasible as a disinfectant of nursery tank makeup water in a planned recycle system at the Dworshak National Fish Hatchery. A dosage of 3 mg/L ozone to the makeup water should prevent disease carrying organisms and algae from entering the nursery tank system by way of the makeup water which is taken from the North Fork of the Clearwater River.     

畜禽副产物腥味形成机制及脱腥方法研究进展

畜禽副产物是指畜禽屠宰后除胴体肉外的可食性部分,含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、矿物质、维生素等营养物质,但其腥味问题严重阻碍了深加工和高值化利用,造成极大的资源浪费和严重的环境污染,限制了畜禽肉制品加工行业的发展。近年来,针对畜禽副产物的脱腥方法不断被开发和探索,成为畜禽副产物加工的研究热点。本文综述了畜禽副产物中腥味物质的来源和产生机制,介绍了物理法(感官掩蔽法、吸附法、包埋/微胶囊法、其他物理脱腥方法)、化学法(酸碱盐处理法、天然抗氧化剂法、氧化剂法、美拉德反应法)、生物法(酵母发酵法、其他微生物发酵法)和复合脱腥方法,以期为畜禽副产物脱腥方法开发和综合利用提供理论指导。     

Trihalomethanes in the drinking water of Concepción and Talcahuano,Chile

Formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) during water disinfection has been related to several health problems, although the magnitude of these effects is under discussion. This paper quantifies the THMs in drinking water from the Bío‐Bío Region of central Chile, the first since the modification of the national reference value (Nch 409/05) to include maximal values for THMs. THMs were quantified using a solid phase micro‐extraction (SPME) method and GC‐MS. The concentration ranges were 9.7–111.6, 0.1–1.0 and 0.9–25.5 μg/L for chloroform (CHCl₃), and dibromochloromethane (CHClBr₂) and bromodichloromethane (CHCl₂Br), respectively. Bromoform was not detected in any sample. There were good correlations (R²=0.91–0.98, P<0.001) between the THMs and the residence time of the water, the distance from the treatment plant and an inverse correlation to free chlorine in the water. The Additive Toxicity Index Value (0.07–1.00) showed that all samples were within the Chilean reference value for THMs in drinking water. However, several values were close to exceeding the maximum permitted concentration (200, 100, 100 and 60 μg/L for CHCl₃, CHBr₃, CHClBr₂ and CHCl₂Br, respectively), which may occur when the water demand is low and thus residence times are longer.     

臭氧预氧化技术在给水处理中的研究进展

介绍了臭氧预氧化技术在饮用水处理中的应用,包括臭氧预氧化助凝,臭氧预氧化改善浊度、色度、嗅味等感官指标,臭氧预氧化去除无机、有机污染物,臭氧预氧化对致病微生物、藻类、消毒副产物等的处理效果,以及臭氧预氧化在强化常规处理工艺过程中起到的作用。表明臭氧具有多方面的除污染效能,对给水处理工艺的发展和饮用水水质的提升有显著促进作用。同时也提出了存在的一些问题,便于今后的研究和应用中进一步改进和完善。     

臭氧技术在循环冷却水处理中的应用

分析了臭氧技术在循环冷却水处理中的缓蚀、阻垢、杀菌作用,总结了国内外臭氧处理冷却水的应用和研究,进而分析了臭氧技术在冷却水处理中的优势和应用前景。     

液氯消毒和紫外线消毒在实践中的应用比较

为了有效保护水体,防止传染性病原菌对人们的危害,降低水源的总大肠菌群数和粪大肠菌群数,对污水处理厂出水进行消毒是十分必要的,文章通过介绍液氯消毒和紫外线消毒,并针对这两种消毒方式在广州污水厂的应用实践的比较,提出对于污水处理厂出水消毒的建议。     

吗啉副产物的开发利用

以吗啉工业生产中的副产物为原料,采用加压水解法,经分离后,可得到吗啉及混合醇。在210℃,2．0MPa下,水与副产物的质量比为1：1,采用氢氧化钠为催化剂,用量为副产物的1．5％,反应时间为4小时,吗啉的收率可达35％,混合醇的收率可达42％。混合醇可替代乙二醇作为防冻液的主要原料,60％的混合醇水溶液凝固点能达到-40℃以下。     

Controversies about the occurrence of chloral hydrate in drinking water

Besides trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), chloral hydrate (CH) is the next most prevalent disinfection by-product (DBP) in drinking water, formed as a result of the reaction between chlorine and natural organic matter (NOM). Chloral hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde) should be limited in drinking water because of its adverse health effect. The controversies concerning the appearance of CH in disinfected water found in literature are discussed in the present paper. According to some authors the CH yield during chlorination of water depends only on TOC. However, there are other data available that do not confirm this relationship. Another fact requiring clarification is the dependence of CH formation on pH. In the present study, CH formation is analysed in different types of water disinfected with different doses of chlorine. Formation of CH is correlated with the dose of Cl₂ and the contact time. The formation of chloral hydrate takes place as long as chlorine is available in the water. Total organic carbon (TOC) is not considered the main factor influencing the production of chloral hydrate in water treated with Cl₂ as the production depends also on the nature of NOM. Higher levels of CH are observed at alkaline conditions (pH > 7). A significant correlation (R² > 0.9) between the concentrations of chloral hydrate and chloroform has been observed. The preozonation increases significantly the chloral hydrate formation potential in the water treated. Biofiltration process does not remove all of CH precursors and its efficiency depends strongly on the contact time. Chloral hydrate was analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector with the detection limit 0.1 μg L⁻¹.     

UV inactivation and resistance of rotavirus evaluated by integrated cell culture and real-time RT-PCR assay

Rotaviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses which are among the most resistant waterborne enteric viruses to UV disinfection. An integrated cell culture and real-time RT-PCR (ICC real-time RT-PCR) assay was developed to detect the infectivity of rotaviruses in water, which uses real-time RT-PCR to detect RNA produced by infectious rotaviruses during replication in host cells. Detection of rotaviral RNA in host cells provides direct evidence of the presence of infectious rotavirus rather than just the presence of rotavirus RNA. Using this newly developed method, the inactivation and resistance of rotavirus to UV treatments at various doses was evaluated. With an initial concentration of 2 × 10⁴ PFU/ml simian rotavirus (SA11), a first-order linear relationship was obtained at UV dose range of 0-120 mJ cm⁻², and the inactivation rate constant was estimated to be 0.0343 cm² mJ⁻¹ (R² = 0.966). The dose-inactivation curve tailed off and reached plateau as the UV dose increased from 120 to 360 mJ cm⁻², indicating resistance phenomena of sub-populations of SA11 at very high UV doses. A maximal reduction of 4.8 log₁₀ was observed. Through parallel comparison with traditional culture assay, the ICC real-time RT-PCR method demonstrated more effective, sensitive and faster infectivity detection of rotavirus and, the results reveal that rotaviruses are more resistant to UV irradiation than previously reported with traditional cell culture assays.